Evaluation of NMR-based strategies to differentiate fresh from frozen-thawed fish supported by multivariate data analysis

The differentiation of fresh and frozen-thawed fish is a relevant authenticity aspect as in the European Union fish holds a high statistical risk of being adulterated. Here, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) in combination with principal components analysis followed by linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) was used for a non-targeted based differentiation of fresh from frozen-thawed fish. To identify the most promising NMR approach(es), six different approaches were applied to 96 fish samples (mackerel, trout, cod). These approaches included different sample preparation procedures and different NMR methods to investigate both the lipid fraction and the polar fraction of the fish samples. After cross-validation embedded in a Monte Carlo resampling design, six independent classification models were obtained. Evaluation of the multivariate data analysis revealed that the most promising approaches were the 1H NMR analysis of the lipid fraction (correct prediction of about 90.0%) and the $^1$H NMR based screening of minor components of the lipid fraction with a correct prediction of about 91.9%. $^1$H NMR analysis of the water extract of the fish samples showed a correct prediction of about 82.6%. Hence, a general differentiation of fresh from frozen-thawed fish via non-targeted NMR is feasible, even though the underlying sample batch contained different fish species. Additional fish samples need to be analyzed with the three most promising NMR approaches to further improve the developed classification models

Final Report Global and Regional Spatial Distribution of Biomass Potentials

The German Government’s Integrated Energy and Climate Programme (IEKP) and the National Biomass Action Plan set ambitious targets for the further development of bioenergy until 2020. The share of energy from biomass is supposed to reach 8 % and 9.7 % of the total power consumption and of the total heat usage, respectively. The share of biofuels on the total consumption of fuels for transportation should rise up to 12 % (energetic) by 2020. This project aims to assess the possibilities of achieving the IEKP targets for bioenergy in a regional and global context. On a regional as well as global level, the potentials of different biomasses were determined in different development scenarios until 2020. Furthermore, the extent to which remote sensing could contribute in improving the spatial specification of biomass resources and whether it could be used as a monitoring system for the early detection of land use changes was investigated. On the regional level, the spatial implications of energetic biomass use was analysed with regard to environmental impacts and land use conflicts. Depending on their significance of spatial impacts, instruments of spatial planning were assessed in order to steer the supply of bioenergy. [... from Executive Summary

Globale und regionale Verteilung von Biomassepotenzialen Status-quo und Möglichkeiten der Präzisierung

Diese Veröffentlichung liefert sowohl zu den weltweiten als auch zu den regionalen Biomassepotenzialen in Deutschland Informationen. Dazu wurde der gegenwärtige Stand und (szenarienbasiert) die zukünftige Entwicklung der Biomassepotenziale ermittelt. Im Blick standen hierbei land- und forstwirtschaftliche Biomassepotenziale sowie Reststoffpotenziale. Zu den Reststoffen werden in diesem Kontext u.a. Stroh und Exkremente aus der Nutztierhaltung sowie Bio- und Grünabfälle gezählt. Aufbauend auf den Potenzialberechnungen wurden Auswirkungen des derzeitigen bzw. künftigen Biomasseanbaus auf Aspekte der Raumordnung und Flächennutzung analysiert. In diesem Zusammenhang werden auch die Steuerungsinstrumente der Raumordnung bei Ausbau der Biomassenutzung zu energetischen Zwecken thematisiert. Zusätzlich wird die Eignung eines Modells zur satellitengestützten Fernerkundung von energetischen Biomasseressourcen untersucht